Compensation for Live Organ Donors - 1974 Words

Compensation for Live Organ Donors HU 280 – Bioethics February, 19, 2012 Compensation for Live Organ Donors Currently, there are over 100,000 people on the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) waiting list for organ transplantation (2012, Transplant Trends). Only 26, 246 transplantations occurred between January and November of 2011, (UNOS, 2012, Transplant Trends). There is a huge contrast in the number of people needing organs and the number of organs actually available for transplantation. This lack of organs creates a serious dilemma regarding how to increase the supply of organs for transplantation. So far, many of the efforts to increase organ donation have focused on the procurement from deceased donors;†¦show more content†¦It does not seem right that an organ donor should be expected to risk their health and life with absolutely no consideration afforded to the potential consequences that may be inflicted upon the donor. Considering all of the risks a donor must take on, it only seems fair to provide some sort of compensation for their actions. Justice theory focuses on the rights persons are entitled to, while also taking into considerations the duties imposed on persons in society (Parks, 2010, p. 10). Duties are the actions that are required of citizens living within a community as part of their social contract (Parks, 2010, p. 10). Although being altruistic and donating an organ to another human being is the current process utilized for obtaining organs, it is not necessarily a citizen’s duty to do so. Since donating organs is not a duty that citizens must uphold, it only makes sense that these persons should be compensated for their actions. The current process of altruism may actually inhibit those who would otherwise donate if some sort of compensation was offered. Not everyone can afford to miss 1-2 months of work, develop debilitating health concerns, or run the risk of losing health insurance. These issues are easily overlooked when donating to a relative, but sometimes even having a relative in need is not enough. Consider the following example: A potential donor has a sister in need of an organ, but that donor is also a single mother raising aShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Organ Donation1371 Words   |  6 PagesOrgans found on the black market are often taken from the body of an unwilling victim. People going about their business abducted and violated to make some extra cash, which could be obtained legally if compensation for donors were legal. In 2005, about one thousand two hundred people died waiting for a kidney transplant, something that could have been prevented if only there wasn’t an organ shortage. The shortage of organs can be tied to the financial devastation that organ donors often succumbRead More How Can We Encourage Organ Donation? Essay1333 Words   |  6 PagesCan We Encourage Organ Donation?      Ã‚  Ã‚   Thousands of people die each year in the United States alone waiting for organ transplants. In 1997 the United States Department of Health and Human Services reported that 56,716 people were waiting for hearts, lungs, pancreases, and kidneys. By 1998 this number had increased to 64,423 people waiting (Charatan). The list of those people in need of transplants increases almost twenty percent every year while the number of donors increases only tenRead MoreOrgan Donation Essay1018 Words   |  5 PagesFinancial Compensation for Organ Donors Should organ donors get compensation for giving their organs to somebody else? Organ donors should get compensation because they are giving away their own organs to someone they may not even know or even met. They also have to deal with the medical expenses for getting their organ removed which shouldn’t be necessary because they are helping save someone’s life. They are also giving up something that belongs to them for the benefit of someone else, which theyRead More Organ Donors Must Not be Paid Essay559 Words   |  3 PagesOrgan Donors Must Not be Paid   Ã‚  Ã‚   Today, medical operations save lives around the world, a feat that surely would surprise our ancestors. Many operations replace defective organs with new ones; for new organs to be ready to be implanted there need to be organ donors. We are not so advanced a society that we can grow replacement organs. Thousands of organ donors in the United States every year are seen as doing the most noble of deeds in modern civilization, and most of the time death has toRead MoreGovernment Compensation For Organ Donation1371 Words   |  6 PagesGovernment Compensation for Organ Donation From an early age, I knew that I would be an organ donor, and when I turned sixteen I began participating in blood drives at my high school. Donating blood became routine, something that my husband and I continue to do together. The reason behind why I donate blood is because it would be quite selfish of me to deny someone, even a complete stranger the gift of life when I am fully capable of giving it. However, the sad reality is that many Americans chooseRead MoreBenefits Of Organ Donation For Organs1670 Words   |  7 Pagesyear due to organ complications; however, donating organs has become widely popular in the medical field to help save hospitalized people. Organ donation is a process in which a healthy individual gives up a working organ to an ailing person in need. A person in decent health can be qualified to donate a kidney, liver, or various other organs. In some cases organ donors are deceased but the donors already planned to donate their organs. Both the person searchin g for an organ and the donor have to goRead MoreLegalizing The Sale Of Human Organs1246 Words   |  5 Pagesincreasing need of organs for medical treatment, illegal organ black markets become more rampant. Under such circumstances, should the government legalize the sale of living human organs? In Joanna MacKay’s essay Organ Sales Will Save Lives, after analyzing from both receivers’ and donors’ perspectives deliberately, she makes her own credibility to conclude that since there are potential donors and potential sellers that have a strong eager to trade kidneys, legalizing the sale of human organs would bringRead MoreFree Market For Human Organs1329 Words   |  6 PagesMarket for Human Organs This paper introduces the consequences of allowing a free market for human organs and how it will help alleviate the shortage for such items, which has arisen a social problem worldwide, giving entry to black markets. A description of the market for living organ donors and cadaveric organs can be found below along with the advantages, disadvantages, and ethical issues these markets arise in modern society. This paper also discusses how the shortage of human organs has createdRead MoreLegalize the Sale of Human Organs956 Words   |  4 PagesLegalize the Sale of Human Organs Compensation for the donation of human organs should be legalized for medical use. Medical surgeons everywhere are calling the government to have them legalize the sale of organs for transplants; allowing people to sell their organs would help people by meeting their financial expenses, solve the lack of supply, save many lives, and get control of the black market. Compensation for donating bone marrow is legalized, so why not organs? There has been a huge problemRead MoreA Generous Gift or Financial Incentive?973 Words   |  4 Pagesdemand for organ donors far exceeds the supply of available organs. According to the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) †¦ there are more than 77,000 people in the U.S. who are waiting to receive an organ (Organ Selling 1). The article goes on to say that the majority of those on the national organ transplant waiting list are in need of kidneys, an overwhelming 50,000 people. Although financial gain in the U.S and in most countries is illegal, by legalizing and structuring a scale for organ donor

The Tuskegee Syphilis And Unethical Behavior - 2026 Words

The medical world has never been black and white. A lot of the medical discovers had multiple ethical gray areas. Through the questionable testing and nameless patients, doctors were able to get away with faulty practices. Particularly in America during the 20th century, doctors from the United States Public Health Services observed the effects of Syphilis, an infectious diseases, on 600 African American males. This was called the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment. For 40 years the doctors watched how the disease attacked the human body. Instead of curing the patients the doctors left them infested. The ethical issue at hand is seen in the actions and in the rituals of the doctors presiding over this experiment. Ancient philosophers such as Confucius and Aristotle would agree with this ethical issue. Confucius’s role ethics will show that the doctors were deficient in performing their roles properly, and Aristotle’s virtue ethics will show that the doctors are not acting in accordance with virtue. Therefore, the doctors were acting in an unethical capacity. The Tuskegee Syphilis trials targeted African American males in an unethical infectious disease trial. The doctors from the United States Public Health Services believed that different races had different effects towards diseases. During this time, it was seen that â€Å"[certain] racial groups were differentially susceptible to infectious disease†. Therefore, the doctors of the Public Health Services decided to test the effect ofShow MoreRelatedTuskegee Syphilis Essay1565 Words   |  7 PagesThe Tuskegee syphilis study highlighted the effects of untreated syphilis in African American males by withholding syphilis treatment that was available to these men. In addition, Tuskegee syphilis study demonstrated how the participants’ rights were taken for granted or even minimized in order to obtain information on how the human body was affected by untreated syphilis. This study allows one to view how the ethical rights were violated and allows for guidelines to be establish ed preventing futureRead MoreEthics Of The Tuskegee Study1377 Words   |  6 Pageshealthcare and performing scientific medical research. The Tuskegee study failed to uphold the moral codes. The Tuskegee syphilis study was the longest held study in the United States. The study continued for 40 years, from 1932 to 1972 which at that time a civil rights attorney ended the study and filed a lawsuit claiming the study carried out unethical methods. The Tuskegee study included only African American males with the diagnosis of syphilis. The study initially was to determine if the AfricanRead MoreBad Blood, Good Nursing1538 Words   |  7 Pagesrole that the infamous Nurse Rivers played in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. Today, we know that nurses have an ethical duty to intervene when an unethical practice is found, both for the safety of the patient and the integrity of the title RN. Nurses may have difficulty intervening with unethical practices of a doctor because of the negative effects it may have on the working relationship. However, after reviewing what occurred within the Tuskegee study, we’ve seen what happens when a nurse failsRead MoreEthical Behavior Involving Human Subjects1637 Words   |  7 Pagesperimeters as we will learn, empowers us with the quality that we may need to improve the wellbeing of others thus advancing our knowledge in human research. Within this brief report, we will discuss the Belmont Reports, and how it applies to ethical behavior involving human subjects. Over the centuries we have as a species in some form or another attempted to apply unbiased approaches to research. Some of those attempts proved to be more barbaric than assumed, while other res earch has proven to be exactRead More2. Grant’s conceptual model gives us an idea of how stressors, such as major life events, daily1000 Words   |  4 Pageshealth. 3. The Tuskegee Study and Lucan et al’s study have some similarities as well as its differences. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study was an experiment to see how the effect of the late stages of syphilis affected black men (Brandt, 1997). Lucan et al’s study focused on the factors of low income African Americans in urban communities and how those factors influences their diet (Lucan et al, 2012). Although the participants of both studies focused on African Americans, the Tuskegee experiment focusedRead MoreEthical Ethics And Ethical Guidelines2103 Words   |  9 Pagesstudies and I found The Tuskegee Syphilis Study to be the most interesting. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study took place in Tuskegee, Alabama were African-American men were chosen to participate in a study which was supposed to help discover the effects of untreated syphilis (Smolin 2012). The purpose of this study was to find African-American males who were in the second stage of syphilis, and then occasionally comp lete examinations on the men to help determine the effects that the syphilis had on their bodiesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Tuskegee Experiment1713 Words   |  7 Pagesthese experiments is the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment conducted to unknowing subjects for 40 years. The Deadly Deception: Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment Officially called the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male, it was considered as one of the most infamous biomedical experiment in the history of the United States. The study was conducted between 1932 and 1972 by the U.S. Public Health Service, which aimed to examine the natural development of untreated syphilis in rural African-AmericanRead MoreThe Effects Of Syphilis On The African Americans984 Words   |  4 Pagestype of healthcare. American society was divided and prejudice and racism against blacks dominated public opinion. This type of environment paved the way for â€Å"The Case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study† which received full support from the US Public Health Services. This case study was initiated to study the effects of syphilis on the African Americans specifically if went untreated until death, followed by an autopsy to determine pathological findings. (Brandt 1978) This study influenced by racismRead MoreEthics : Morals And Ethics1626 W ords   |  7 Pagesmean many different things to many different people. Definitively, morals are â€Å"concerning or relating to what is right and wrong in human behavior† (Merriam-Webster.com). This is where it becomes complicated, because establishing what is really right and wrong and getting rid of the grey areas in an imperfect world is impossible. Ethics are â€Å"rules of behavior based on ideas about what is morally good and bad† (Merriam-Webster.com). So, while they’re fairly similar, they do differ minutely. ButRead MoreA Research Study On Psychological Research1657 Words   |  7 Pagesrange from being simple to very complex. Psychological research deals with the research that psychologist have conducted to research and analyze the behavior of individuals. When conducting these researches there are special guidelines which need to be taken. If the researcher fails to meet these guidelines the research may be classified as unethical. When conducting psychological research there are many important ethnical guidelines which need to be followed. The researcher should inform consent

Economists Discover Miracle Hangover Cure Drink Less -Free sample

Question: Discuss about the Economists Discover Miracle Hangover Cure. Answer: From the article Economists discover miracle hangover cure: drink less, Jessica Irvine writes about the opportunity cost of an individual having an extra beer. The writer considers the options that are available to an individual, and how the choices he makes can affect his efficiency. Opportunity cost arises from the scarcity of resources that human beings have coupled with their desire to satisfy all their wants. In addition to this, rational human beings will always want to maximise utility(Salvatore, 2011). Utility is the satisfaction derived from consuming an economic good. Opportunity cost is the cost of the foregone option amongst a variety of choices that a consumer has. In other words, it is the benefit that an individual could have enjoyed, but gave it up for another option. It arises from trying to satisfy the wants that an individual has using the scarce resources available. To study the opportunity cost of tis individual, we have to make a number of assumptions. These assumptions include: The individual has a number of wants that he would like to satisfy at a time using the available resources. Economists know that human wants are unlimited in number. The individual has limited resources that he can use to satisfy the desires at a particular time. Resources are limited in nature. The desires of the individual vary in intensity and urgency. Some desires are more important and urgent than others and have to be satisfied earlier while the less important and urgent can be postponed. The individual is a rational consumer. Rationality here implies that the consumer will want to maximise utility and derive the most satisfaction from consuming a commodity using the last possible resources. In coming up with a model for study ineconomics it is important to state assumptions an example of which are those stated above in the study of the choices and the costs involved in such decision making processes.Economics is a science that deals with laws just like any other science. However,economics is a science that studies human behaviour and humans change behaviour very often depending on the conditions and circumstances that they are in at that particular time. In this case,economics deals with processes that are complex and contain a lot of information. Assumptions in economic models simplify the processes and make them easier to understand the issue relating to human behaviour. Through the statement of assumptions, an economist is able to simplify an economic process and gain an easier understanding for study. Assumptions break down the complex process and allows the economist to develop a theory focussing only on the most relevant variables. This theory can later be applied to more complex cases for further studies. For instance, we assume that the consumer portrays rational behaviour in decision-making and will always want to maximise utility. This way we can construct a theory on how the consumer will make choices and allocate resources. In reality however, human beings behave differently but we can apply the theory based on the assumption to study the general behaviour of people. In the case of Chris from the article, we assume that he is rational and will make the most rational decision. If he chooses to go home and play on his PlayStation, he will have to forego having an additional beer. By doing this he will not enjoy the extra beer and the chance of having a god time with his colleagues (even though he is not much of a drinker and is a loner). The foregone opportunity is the opportunity cost that he incurs. The writer argues that, Hangovers are only possible because ordinary humans often do not fit the model of rational individuals prescribed by economists. To support this argument she reasons that people are not always conscious of the consequences of their actions. Although they may have an idea of the consequences from previous experiences, circumstances usually change and the results of a choice may vary. Furthermore, people will rarely think critically and consider all costs involved, including opportunity costs, in making decisions. We tend to make simple decisions regardless of all the opportunities available and we often succumb to herd behaviour. This is especially true especially to the younger generation who will always want to experience a lot within the shortest time possible and end up making rush decisions. Nevertheless, with age comes experience and as they grow older, they learn to consider all the available options and make rational decisions. Economic agents faced day-to-day scenarios where they have to make decisions that involve foregoing another option. They have to choose the next best alternative to maximise utility and this choice should be the one that minimises opportunity cost. The agent does not have a superior or better method of allocating resources for any available choice(Mankiw. Parthenakis., 2014). This implies that any rational choice is the one with the highest net benefits and the lowest net costs. The assumption here is that the choices are always rational. The economic agent can always change his decision to the most rational because he wants to derive the most satisfaction using the least cost. For example Chris prefers to go home and play on his PlayStation rather than have an extra beer which will cos him more money and result in a hangover the following morning. By deciding to drink more, he will reduce his efficiency. Therefore, he makes the rational decision; changes his mind and goes home. This article not only makes sense in theory, but also in practice. It explains the theory of opportunity cost in the best way possible that any individual can relate with. We can be able to see the consequences of the choices we make on a daily basis and how best to consider the options at hand before making a decision that will affect our objective of utility maximisation. Although it may seem as overkill to consider the cost and benefits in all circumstances, it is always wise to be a rational consumer. References Frank, R. H., Cartwright, E. (2016).Microeconomics and behaviour. Goolsbee, A., Levitt, S. D., Syverson, C. (2016).Microeconomics. Hill, R., Myatt, T. (2010).The economics anti-textbook: A critical thinker's guide to microeconomics. Black Point, N.S: Fernwood Pub. International Economic Association., Agarwal, B., Vercelli, A., Palgrave Connect (Online service). (2005).Psychology, rationality, and economic behaviour: Challenging standard assumptions. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan in association with International Economic Association. Lesourne, J., Orle?an, A., Walliser, B. (2006).Evolutionary microeconomics. (Springer e-books.) Berlin: Springer. Mankiw, G., Parthenakis, A . (2014).Principles Of Microeconomics, 7th Edition. Andover: CENGAGE Learning. Mankiw, N. G. (2018).Principles of microeconomics. Salvatore, D. (2009).Principles of microeconomics. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Salvatore, D., Salvatore, D. (2011).Microeconomics. New York: McGraw Hill. Varian, H R, Ed. (2010).Intermediate Microeconomics: A Modern Approach. New Delhi: East-West Press.

What makes up an effective leadership an Example of the Topic Psychology Essays by

What makes up an effective leadership? Introduction One of the most crucial elements of a successful group work is the leadership ability of the group head. Above anyone else in a group, the leader is the person with the vision; a person whose vision transcends beyond the limits of time, age, race, resources, and any other barriers. Need essay sample on "What makes up an effective leadership?" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Clark (2007) clearly had it: Good leaders are made not born. If you have the desire and willpower, you can become an effective leader and good leaders develop through a never ending process of self-study, education, training, and experience. This suggests that in every individual, there lies leadership ability. It just needs honing. Further Clark (2007) added that in order for a leader to inspire his/her workers into higher levels of teamwork, there are certain things he/she must be, know, and, do. These do not come naturally, but are acquired through continual work and study. Good leaders are continually working and studying to improve their leadership skills; they are NOT resting on their laurels, said Clark (2007). Indeed, of what meaning would laurels be if the individual is not continuously updating his/her knowledge and skills to become an effective leader? Leadership, being a broad topic as it is, could not be defined by just a single author. Leadership is a dynamic field. One culture may see leadership differently compared with another culture. In any event, it all depends upon each cultures situation; set of most abiding beliefs and attendant values; and needs. There is a myriad of concepts of what constitutes an effective leadership. First, this paper aimed to discuss the three general forms of leadership: (1) democratic, (2) laissez-faire, and (3) autocratic. Second, this paper offered a critique on the best form of leadership to adopt. The data supporting the authors concept were gathered through the authors leadership history and through various published works on leadership. Forms of Leadership There are different forms of leadership. For purpose of simplicity, this paper adopts the categorization proposed by Kurt Lewin (1939). Democratic Style. Also called the participative style, the democratic style of leadership encourages members to be a part of the decision making process. The leader keeps his or her members informed about everything that affects their work and participates decision making and problem solving responsibilities. This style requires the leader to be a coach who has the final say, but gathers information from staff members before making a decision. This is opposed to autocratic style of leadership where all the decisions come from the leader and the members do not participate in the decision-making process. Laissez-faire Style. This French term means leave it be. True to it, the laissez-faire leadership style is also referred to as the hands-off style. In this form of leadership, the leader provides little or no direction and gives the members as much freedom as possible. All authority or power is given to the employees and they must determine goals, make decisions, and resolve problems on their own. Autocratic Style. This is often considered the classical approach. It is one in which the manager retains as much power and decision-making authority as possible. The leader does not consult his or her constituents nor are the constituents allowed to express any idea or input. The constituents are expected to obey orders without receiving any explanations. The motivation environment is produced by creating a structured set of rewards and punishments. Those who obey the leader get rewards while those who do not get punished. Authoritarian leaders provide clear expectations for what needs to be done, when it should be done, and how it should be done. Critique: What is the best form of leadership to adopt? Ideally, the form of leadership that one should adopt must depend of the needs and goals of the organization. But democratic style is gaining popularity because of its participative nature. Let us critique each style of leadership. Autocratic leadership, as its nature suggests, is undermining the capabilities of its members to create, think, decide, and suggest. This form of leadership relies on punishments and threats to influence the members. Since the leader does not allow the members to suggest ideas, essentially, he does not trust the intellectual faculty of its members. But do not get the impression that autocratic style of leadership is evil and restrictive and ineffective. It may work somehow on certain situations like having new members in a group who are inexperienced and do not know what tasks to execute and procedures to follow. In this case the leader dictates and usually makes the decision. Time can also influence the form of leadership that one adopts. If there is limited time, the leader may actually decide without consulting its members. Of course this is a case-to-case basis. That is why it is very important for a leader to know how to PROPERLY use this type to achieve the goal of the organization. Laissez-faire type of leadership may be effective when the members of the group are highly educated, highly skilled, and highly experienced. In such case, the role of the leader is limited to being the mediator in the group. Of all the leadership style, the democratic style is gaining popularity because it is participative in nature. They say two brains are better than one. Indeed! Problems are easier solved when many brains search for the solution. A more polished plan is produced if many brains would constructively critique the plan. And most importantly, history would tell that many of human successes were born out of collective action rather than by an individual enterprise. So therefore, what is the most effective style of leadership to adopt? It all depends on the leaders experience and personal background, the members, and the vision and mission of the organization. At some point, the leader may be autocratic or democratic or a combination of different types. That is why it is very important the leader should be dynamic, intelligent, quick-thinker, flexible, respectful, trustworthy, and all those positive attitudes. However, Lewins research in 1939 discovered that democratic leadership is generally the most effective leadership style. Not only do democratic leaders offer guidance to group members, but also enable participation in the group and allow input from other group members. In Lewins 1939 study, children in this group were less productive than the members of the authoritarian group, but their contributions were of a much higher quality. There is no restriction to human imagination and creativity. Surely, the leader knows the best form of leadership to adopt in order to achieve the goal of the group. Conclusion The different types of leadership according to Kurt Lewin (1939) have been discussed. There are no hard and fast criteria as to what makes up an effective leadership. The style of leadership that a leader assume depends on many factors such as, but not limited to, the experience of the leader, the characteristics of the members, and the mission and vision of the organization. Bibliography Clark D. (2007). The Art and Science of Leadership [internet]. Available from: http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/leader.html [Accessed 11 August 2007]. Lewin, K., LIippit, R. and White, R.K. (1939). Patterns of aggressive behavior in experimentally created social climates. Journal of Social Psychology, 10, 271-301