Compensation for Live Organ Donors - 1974 Words

Compensation for Live Organ Donors HU 280 – Bioethics February, 19, 2012 Compensation for Live Organ Donors Currently, there are over 100,000 people on the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) waiting list for organ transplantation (2012, Transplant Trends). Only 26, 246 transplantations occurred between January and November of 2011, (UNOS, 2012, Transplant Trends). There is a huge contrast in the number of people needing organs and the number of organs actually available for transplantation. This lack of organs creates a serious dilemma regarding how to increase the supply of organs for transplantation. So far, many of the efforts to increase organ donation have focused on the procurement from deceased donors;†¦show more content†¦It does not seem right that an organ donor should be expected to risk their health and life with absolutely no consideration afforded to the potential consequences that may be inflicted upon the donor. Considering all of the risks a donor must take on, it only seems fair to provide some sort of compensation for their actions. Justice theory focuses on the rights persons are entitled to, while also taking into considerations the duties imposed on persons in society (Parks, 2010, p. 10). Duties are the actions that are required of citizens living within a community as part of their social contract (Parks, 2010, p. 10). Although being altruistic and donating an organ to another human being is the current process utilized for obtaining organs, it is not necessarily a citizen’s duty to do so. Since donating organs is not a duty that citizens must uphold, it only makes sense that these persons should be compensated for their actions. The current process of altruism may actually inhibit those who would otherwise donate if some sort of compensation was offered. Not everyone can afford to miss 1-2 months of work, develop debilitating health concerns, or run the risk of losing health insurance. These issues are easily overlooked when donating to a relative, but sometimes even having a relative in need is not enough. Consider the following example: A potential donor has a sister in need of an organ, but that donor is also a single mother raising aShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Organ Donation1371 Words   |  6 PagesOrgans found on the black market are often taken from the body of an unwilling victim. People going about their business abducted and violated to make some extra cash, which could be obtained legally if compensation for donors were legal. In 2005, about one thousand two hundred people died waiting for a kidney transplant, something that could have been prevented if only there wasn’t an organ shortage. The shortage of organs can be tied to the financial devastation that organ donors often succumbRead More How Can We Encourage Organ Donation? Essay1333 Words   |  6 PagesCan We Encourage Organ Donation?      Ã‚  Ã‚   Thousands of people die each year in the United States alone waiting for organ transplants. In 1997 the United States Department of Health and Human Services reported that 56,716 people were waiting for hearts, lungs, pancreases, and kidneys. By 1998 this number had increased to 64,423 people waiting (Charatan). The list of those people in need of transplants increases almost twenty percent every year while the number of donors increases only tenRead MoreOrgan Donation Essay1018 Words   |  5 PagesFinancial Compensation for Organ Donors Should organ donors get compensation for giving their organs to somebody else? Organ donors should get compensation because they are giving away their own organs to someone they may not even know or even met. They also have to deal with the medical expenses for getting their organ removed which shouldn’t be necessary because they are helping save someone’s life. They are also giving up something that belongs to them for the benefit of someone else, which theyRead More Organ Donors Must Not be Paid Essay559 Words   |  3 PagesOrgan Donors Must Not be Paid   Ã‚  Ã‚   Today, medical operations save lives around the world, a feat that surely would surprise our ancestors. Many operations replace defective organs with new ones; for new organs to be ready to be implanted there need to be organ donors. We are not so advanced a society that we can grow replacement organs. Thousands of organ donors in the United States every year are seen as doing the most noble of deeds in modern civilization, and most of the time death has toRead MoreGovernment Compensation For Organ Donation1371 Words   |  6 PagesGovernment Compensation for Organ Donation From an early age, I knew that I would be an organ donor, and when I turned sixteen I began participating in blood drives at my high school. Donating blood became routine, something that my husband and I continue to do together. The reason behind why I donate blood is because it would be quite selfish of me to deny someone, even a complete stranger the gift of life when I am fully capable of giving it. However, the sad reality is that many Americans chooseRead MoreBenefits Of Organ Donation For Organs1670 Words   |  7 Pagesyear due to organ complications; however, donating organs has become widely popular in the medical field to help save hospitalized people. Organ donation is a process in which a healthy individual gives up a working organ to an ailing person in need. A person in decent health can be qualified to donate a kidney, liver, or various other organs. In some cases organ donors are deceased but the donors already planned to donate their organs. Both the person searchin g for an organ and the donor have to goRead MoreLegalizing The Sale Of Human Organs1246 Words   |  5 Pagesincreasing need of organs for medical treatment, illegal organ black markets become more rampant. Under such circumstances, should the government legalize the sale of living human organs? In Joanna MacKay’s essay Organ Sales Will Save Lives, after analyzing from both receivers’ and donors’ perspectives deliberately, she makes her own credibility to conclude that since there are potential donors and potential sellers that have a strong eager to trade kidneys, legalizing the sale of human organs would bringRead MoreFree Market For Human Organs1329 Words   |  6 PagesMarket for Human Organs This paper introduces the consequences of allowing a free market for human organs and how it will help alleviate the shortage for such items, which has arisen a social problem worldwide, giving entry to black markets. A description of the market for living organ donors and cadaveric organs can be found below along with the advantages, disadvantages, and ethical issues these markets arise in modern society. This paper also discusses how the shortage of human organs has createdRead MoreLegalize the Sale of Human Organs956 Words   |  4 PagesLegalize the Sale of Human Organs Compensation for the donation of human organs should be legalized for medical use. Medical surgeons everywhere are calling the government to have them legalize the sale of organs for transplants; allowing people to sell their organs would help people by meeting their financial expenses, solve the lack of supply, save many lives, and get control of the black market. Compensation for donating bone marrow is legalized, so why not organs? There has been a huge problemRead MoreA Generous Gift or Financial Incentive?973 Words   |  4 Pagesdemand for organ donors far exceeds the supply of available organs. According to the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) †¦ there are more than 77,000 people in the U.S. who are waiting to receive an organ (Organ Selling 1). The article goes on to say that the majority of those on the national organ transplant waiting list are in need of kidneys, an overwhelming 50,000 people. Although financial gain in the U.S and in most countries is illegal, by legalizing and structuring a scale for organ donor

The Tuskegee Syphilis And Unethical Behavior - 2026 Words

The medical world has never been black and white. A lot of the medical discovers had multiple ethical gray areas. Through the questionable testing and nameless patients, doctors were able to get away with faulty practices. Particularly in America during the 20th century, doctors from the United States Public Health Services observed the effects of Syphilis, an infectious diseases, on 600 African American males. This was called the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment. For 40 years the doctors watched how the disease attacked the human body. Instead of curing the patients the doctors left them infested. The ethical issue at hand is seen in the actions and in the rituals of the doctors presiding over this experiment. Ancient philosophers such as Confucius and Aristotle would agree with this ethical issue. Confucius’s role ethics will show that the doctors were deficient in performing their roles properly, and Aristotle’s virtue ethics will show that the doctors are not acting in accordance with virtue. Therefore, the doctors were acting in an unethical capacity. The Tuskegee Syphilis trials targeted African American males in an unethical infectious disease trial. The doctors from the United States Public Health Services believed that different races had different effects towards diseases. During this time, it was seen that â€Å"[certain] racial groups were differentially susceptible to infectious disease†. Therefore, the doctors of the Public Health Services decided to test the effect ofShow MoreRelatedTuskegee Syphilis Essay1565 Words   |  7 PagesThe Tuskegee syphilis study highlighted the effects of untreated syphilis in African American males by withholding syphilis treatment that was available to these men. In addition, Tuskegee syphilis study demonstrated how the participants’ rights were taken for granted or even minimized in order to obtain information on how the human body was affected by untreated syphilis. This study allows one to view how the ethical rights were violated and allows for guidelines to be establish ed preventing futureRead MoreEthics Of The Tuskegee Study1377 Words   |  6 Pageshealthcare and performing scientific medical research. The Tuskegee study failed to uphold the moral codes. The Tuskegee syphilis study was the longest held study in the United States. The study continued for 40 years, from 1932 to 1972 which at that time a civil rights attorney ended the study and filed a lawsuit claiming the study carried out unethical methods. The Tuskegee study included only African American males with the diagnosis of syphilis. The study initially was to determine if the AfricanRead MoreBad Blood, Good Nursing1538 Words   |  7 Pagesrole that the infamous Nurse Rivers played in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. Today, we know that nurses have an ethical duty to intervene when an unethical practice is found, both for the safety of the patient and the integrity of the title RN. Nurses may have difficulty intervening with unethical practices of a doctor because of the negative effects it may have on the working relationship. However, after reviewing what occurred within the Tuskegee study, we’ve seen what happens when a nurse failsRead MoreEthical Behavior Involving Human Subjects1637 Words   |  7 Pagesperimeters as we will learn, empowers us with the quality that we may need to improve the wellbeing of others thus advancing our knowledge in human research. Within this brief report, we will discuss the Belmont Reports, and how it applies to ethical behavior involving human subjects. Over the centuries we have as a species in some form or another attempted to apply unbiased approaches to research. Some of those attempts proved to be more barbaric than assumed, while other res earch has proven to be exactRead More2. Grant’s conceptual model gives us an idea of how stressors, such as major life events, daily1000 Words   |  4 Pageshealth. 3. The Tuskegee Study and Lucan et al’s study have some similarities as well as its differences. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study was an experiment to see how the effect of the late stages of syphilis affected black men (Brandt, 1997). Lucan et al’s study focused on the factors of low income African Americans in urban communities and how those factors influences their diet (Lucan et al, 2012). Although the participants of both studies focused on African Americans, the Tuskegee experiment focusedRead MoreEthical Ethics And Ethical Guidelines2103 Words   |  9 Pagesstudies and I found The Tuskegee Syphilis Study to be the most interesting. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study took place in Tuskegee, Alabama were African-American men were chosen to participate in a study which was supposed to help discover the effects of untreated syphilis (Smolin 2012). The purpose of this study was to find African-American males who were in the second stage of syphilis, and then occasionally comp lete examinations on the men to help determine the effects that the syphilis had on their bodiesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Tuskegee Experiment1713 Words   |  7 Pagesthese experiments is the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment conducted to unknowing subjects for 40 years. The Deadly Deception: Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment Officially called the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male, it was considered as one of the most infamous biomedical experiment in the history of the United States. The study was conducted between 1932 and 1972 by the U.S. Public Health Service, which aimed to examine the natural development of untreated syphilis in rural African-AmericanRead MoreThe Effects Of Syphilis On The African Americans984 Words   |  4 Pagestype of healthcare. American society was divided and prejudice and racism against blacks dominated public opinion. This type of environment paved the way for â€Å"The Case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study† which received full support from the US Public Health Services. This case study was initiated to study the effects of syphilis on the African Americans specifically if went untreated until death, followed by an autopsy to determine pathological findings. (Brandt 1978) This study influenced by racismRead MoreEthics : Morals And Ethics1626 W ords   |  7 Pagesmean many different things to many different people. Definitively, morals are â€Å"concerning or relating to what is right and wrong in human behavior† (Merriam-Webster.com). This is where it becomes complicated, because establishing what is really right and wrong and getting rid of the grey areas in an imperfect world is impossible. Ethics are â€Å"rules of behavior based on ideas about what is morally good and bad† (Merriam-Webster.com). So, while they’re fairly similar, they do differ minutely. ButRead MoreA Research Study On Psychological Research1657 Words   |  7 Pagesrange from being simple to very complex. Psychological research deals with the research that psychologist have conducted to research and analyze the behavior of individuals. When conducting these researches there are special guidelines which need to be taken. If the researcher fails to meet these guidelines the research may be classified as unethical. When conducting psychological research there are many important ethnical guidelines which need to be followed. The researcher should inform consent

Economists Discover Miracle Hangover Cure Drink Less -Free sample

Question: Discuss about the Economists Discover Miracle Hangover Cure. Answer: From the article Economists discover miracle hangover cure: drink less, Jessica Irvine writes about the opportunity cost of an individual having an extra beer. The writer considers the options that are available to an individual, and how the choices he makes can affect his efficiency. Opportunity cost arises from the scarcity of resources that human beings have coupled with their desire to satisfy all their wants. In addition to this, rational human beings will always want to maximise utility(Salvatore, 2011). Utility is the satisfaction derived from consuming an economic good. Opportunity cost is the cost of the foregone option amongst a variety of choices that a consumer has. In other words, it is the benefit that an individual could have enjoyed, but gave it up for another option. It arises from trying to satisfy the wants that an individual has using the scarce resources available. To study the opportunity cost of tis individual, we have to make a number of assumptions. These assumptions include: The individual has a number of wants that he would like to satisfy at a time using the available resources. Economists know that human wants are unlimited in number. The individual has limited resources that he can use to satisfy the desires at a particular time. Resources are limited in nature. The desires of the individual vary in intensity and urgency. Some desires are more important and urgent than others and have to be satisfied earlier while the less important and urgent can be postponed. The individual is a rational consumer. Rationality here implies that the consumer will want to maximise utility and derive the most satisfaction from consuming a commodity using the last possible resources. In coming up with a model for study ineconomics it is important to state assumptions an example of which are those stated above in the study of the choices and the costs involved in such decision making processes.Economics is a science that deals with laws just like any other science. However,economics is a science that studies human behaviour and humans change behaviour very often depending on the conditions and circumstances that they are in at that particular time. In this case,economics deals with processes that are complex and contain a lot of information. Assumptions in economic models simplify the processes and make them easier to understand the issue relating to human behaviour. Through the statement of assumptions, an economist is able to simplify an economic process and gain an easier understanding for study. Assumptions break down the complex process and allows the economist to develop a theory focussing only on the most relevant variables. This theory can later be applied to more complex cases for further studies. For instance, we assume that the consumer portrays rational behaviour in decision-making and will always want to maximise utility. This way we can construct a theory on how the consumer will make choices and allocate resources. In reality however, human beings behave differently but we can apply the theory based on the assumption to study the general behaviour of people. In the case of Chris from the article, we assume that he is rational and will make the most rational decision. If he chooses to go home and play on his PlayStation, he will have to forego having an additional beer. By doing this he will not enjoy the extra beer and the chance of having a god time with his colleagues (even though he is not much of a drinker and is a loner). The foregone opportunity is the opportunity cost that he incurs. The writer argues that, Hangovers are only possible because ordinary humans often do not fit the model of rational individuals prescribed by economists. To support this argument she reasons that people are not always conscious of the consequences of their actions. Although they may have an idea of the consequences from previous experiences, circumstances usually change and the results of a choice may vary. Furthermore, people will rarely think critically and consider all costs involved, including opportunity costs, in making decisions. We tend to make simple decisions regardless of all the opportunities available and we often succumb to herd behaviour. This is especially true especially to the younger generation who will always want to experience a lot within the shortest time possible and end up making rush decisions. Nevertheless, with age comes experience and as they grow older, they learn to consider all the available options and make rational decisions. Economic agents faced day-to-day scenarios where they have to make decisions that involve foregoing another option. They have to choose the next best alternative to maximise utility and this choice should be the one that minimises opportunity cost. The agent does not have a superior or better method of allocating resources for any available choice(Mankiw. Parthenakis., 2014). This implies that any rational choice is the one with the highest net benefits and the lowest net costs. The assumption here is that the choices are always rational. The economic agent can always change his decision to the most rational because he wants to derive the most satisfaction using the least cost. For example Chris prefers to go home and play on his PlayStation rather than have an extra beer which will cos him more money and result in a hangover the following morning. By deciding to drink more, he will reduce his efficiency. Therefore, he makes the rational decision; changes his mind and goes home. This article not only makes sense in theory, but also in practice. It explains the theory of opportunity cost in the best way possible that any individual can relate with. We can be able to see the consequences of the choices we make on a daily basis and how best to consider the options at hand before making a decision that will affect our objective of utility maximisation. Although it may seem as overkill to consider the cost and benefits in all circumstances, it is always wise to be a rational consumer. References Frank, R. H., Cartwright, E. (2016).Microeconomics and behaviour. Goolsbee, A., Levitt, S. D., Syverson, C. (2016).Microeconomics. Hill, R., Myatt, T. (2010).The economics anti-textbook: A critical thinker's guide to microeconomics. Black Point, N.S: Fernwood Pub. International Economic Association., Agarwal, B., Vercelli, A., Palgrave Connect (Online service). (2005).Psychology, rationality, and economic behaviour: Challenging standard assumptions. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan in association with International Economic Association. Lesourne, J., Orle?an, A., Walliser, B. (2006).Evolutionary microeconomics. (Springer e-books.) Berlin: Springer. Mankiw, G., Parthenakis, A . (2014).Principles Of Microeconomics, 7th Edition. Andover: CENGAGE Learning. Mankiw, N. G. (2018).Principles of microeconomics. Salvatore, D. (2009).Principles of microeconomics. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Salvatore, D., Salvatore, D. (2011).Microeconomics. New York: McGraw Hill. Varian, H R, Ed. (2010).Intermediate Microeconomics: A Modern Approach. New Delhi: East-West Press.

What makes up an effective leadership an Example of the Topic Psychology Essays by

What makes up an effective leadership? Introduction One of the most crucial elements of a successful group work is the leadership ability of the group head. Above anyone else in a group, the leader is the person with the vision; a person whose vision transcends beyond the limits of time, age, race, resources, and any other barriers. Need essay sample on "What makes up an effective leadership?" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Clark (2007) clearly had it: Good leaders are made not born. If you have the desire and willpower, you can become an effective leader and good leaders develop through a never ending process of self-study, education, training, and experience. This suggests that in every individual, there lies leadership ability. It just needs honing. Further Clark (2007) added that in order for a leader to inspire his/her workers into higher levels of teamwork, there are certain things he/she must be, know, and, do. These do not come naturally, but are acquired through continual work and study. Good leaders are continually working and studying to improve their leadership skills; they are NOT resting on their laurels, said Clark (2007). Indeed, of what meaning would laurels be if the individual is not continuously updating his/her knowledge and skills to become an effective leader? Leadership, being a broad topic as it is, could not be defined by just a single author. Leadership is a dynamic field. One culture may see leadership differently compared with another culture. In any event, it all depends upon each cultures situation; set of most abiding beliefs and attendant values; and needs. There is a myriad of concepts of what constitutes an effective leadership. First, this paper aimed to discuss the three general forms of leadership: (1) democratic, (2) laissez-faire, and (3) autocratic. Second, this paper offered a critique on the best form of leadership to adopt. The data supporting the authors concept were gathered through the authors leadership history and through various published works on leadership. Forms of Leadership There are different forms of leadership. For purpose of simplicity, this paper adopts the categorization proposed by Kurt Lewin (1939). Democratic Style. Also called the participative style, the democratic style of leadership encourages members to be a part of the decision making process. The leader keeps his or her members informed about everything that affects their work and participates decision making and problem solving responsibilities. This style requires the leader to be a coach who has the final say, but gathers information from staff members before making a decision. This is opposed to autocratic style of leadership where all the decisions come from the leader and the members do not participate in the decision-making process. Laissez-faire Style. This French term means leave it be. True to it, the laissez-faire leadership style is also referred to as the hands-off style. In this form of leadership, the leader provides little or no direction and gives the members as much freedom as possible. All authority or power is given to the employees and they must determine goals, make decisions, and resolve problems on their own. Autocratic Style. This is often considered the classical approach. It is one in which the manager retains as much power and decision-making authority as possible. The leader does not consult his or her constituents nor are the constituents allowed to express any idea or input. The constituents are expected to obey orders without receiving any explanations. The motivation environment is produced by creating a structured set of rewards and punishments. Those who obey the leader get rewards while those who do not get punished. Authoritarian leaders provide clear expectations for what needs to be done, when it should be done, and how it should be done. Critique: What is the best form of leadership to adopt? Ideally, the form of leadership that one should adopt must depend of the needs and goals of the organization. But democratic style is gaining popularity because of its participative nature. Let us critique each style of leadership. Autocratic leadership, as its nature suggests, is undermining the capabilities of its members to create, think, decide, and suggest. This form of leadership relies on punishments and threats to influence the members. Since the leader does not allow the members to suggest ideas, essentially, he does not trust the intellectual faculty of its members. But do not get the impression that autocratic style of leadership is evil and restrictive and ineffective. It may work somehow on certain situations like having new members in a group who are inexperienced and do not know what tasks to execute and procedures to follow. In this case the leader dictates and usually makes the decision. Time can also influence the form of leadership that one adopts. If there is limited time, the leader may actually decide without consulting its members. Of course this is a case-to-case basis. That is why it is very important for a leader to know how to PROPERLY use this type to achieve the goal of the organization. Laissez-faire type of leadership may be effective when the members of the group are highly educated, highly skilled, and highly experienced. In such case, the role of the leader is limited to being the mediator in the group. Of all the leadership style, the democratic style is gaining popularity because it is participative in nature. They say two brains are better than one. Indeed! Problems are easier solved when many brains search for the solution. A more polished plan is produced if many brains would constructively critique the plan. And most importantly, history would tell that many of human successes were born out of collective action rather than by an individual enterprise. So therefore, what is the most effective style of leadership to adopt? It all depends on the leaders experience and personal background, the members, and the vision and mission of the organization. At some point, the leader may be autocratic or democratic or a combination of different types. That is why it is very important the leader should be dynamic, intelligent, quick-thinker, flexible, respectful, trustworthy, and all those positive attitudes. However, Lewins research in 1939 discovered that democratic leadership is generally the most effective leadership style. Not only do democratic leaders offer guidance to group members, but also enable participation in the group and allow input from other group members. In Lewins 1939 study, children in this group were less productive than the members of the authoritarian group, but their contributions were of a much higher quality. There is no restriction to human imagination and creativity. Surely, the leader knows the best form of leadership to adopt in order to achieve the goal of the group. Conclusion The different types of leadership according to Kurt Lewin (1939) have been discussed. There are no hard and fast criteria as to what makes up an effective leadership. The style of leadership that a leader assume depends on many factors such as, but not limited to, the experience of the leader, the characteristics of the members, and the mission and vision of the organization. Bibliography Clark D. (2007). The Art and Science of Leadership [internet]. Available from: http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/leader.html [Accessed 11 August 2007]. Lewin, K., LIippit, R. and White, R.K. (1939). Patterns of aggressive behavior in experimentally created social climates. Journal of Social Psychology, 10, 271-301

Journeys End R C Sherriff Essay Essays

Journeys End R C Sherriff Essay Essays Journeys End R C Sherriff Essay Essay Journeys End R C Sherriff Essay Essay Essay Topic: Literature In Journeys End R C Sherriff skilfully orchestrates a complex pattern of tensions. Trace the development of these at key moments showing how they are dramatically effective. Journeys End was written by R C Sherriff, and is set in a trench during the First World War. The way Sherriff structures this piece of work, is very unusual as it does not stick to one kind of atmosphere, he switches between pathos, humour and many different types of tension. It is a clever the way he manages to write so many tensions into his work, as the background to the story is The War. The plays main characters create these tensions by the way they act around each other, they are; Stanhope, the Companies commander in chief, but still despite this ranking he is still nothing better and a tall, slimly built boy with broad shoulders, he is never without a high percentage of alcohol in his bloodstream and is hiding something from the others, below the surface of his skin, as we are told by Osborne when he speaks something happened, I am unsure of what it was, a silly little argument, when suddenly he jumped to his feet and knocked the table over, the glasses spilled. He lost all control over himself and then suddenly he came round and cried real tears. Osborne, Uncle to the company members was second in command, just as capable and a lot older than Stanhope. Although he does not like to admit the fact that he is just as capable, it is out of pure loyalty to Stanhope and the amount of lovingness that he holds for Stanhope as we see, when he defends Stanhope in a discussion, He is called a drunkard, just because he has stuck it out until his nerves have been battered to bits. The new member of the company is Stanhopes fianci s little brother and an old school chum of Stanhopes. Upon entering the play Raleigh is seen to be extremely nervous, as he does what is asked instantly and says very little. We also have Hardy; an extremely selfish man, who refuses to care about the companys men, Hibbert; shown to be very scared of war and is faking an injury just so he can leave the battlefields, and of course Trotter; Stanhopes second lieutenant, can eat like a horse, short, fat and middle aged, who seems to care not about the war where people are dieing but the war that is raging within his stomach. There is no real tension in the plays opening few pages, but with the introduction of Raleigh; the new boy in the company comes the first area of real tension, upon his first encounter with Stanhope. Raleigh is anticipating their first meeting with great expectations, but this is not what he receives. Stanhope introduces himself with a special glee in his voice, but when Raleigh removes himself from the shadows, there is a slight pause and the glee that Stanhope once spoke with quickly vanished and his voice changed, for the worse. But even before he has noticed that his new under study is Raleigh he demands a bottle of whiskey, much to the misfortune of Raleigh as he begins to see what the war has turned Stanhope into. From the moment they met in the trench until the moment they become deceased Stanhope has a major cloud over his head, in the fact that when Raleigh decides to write home, he may tell his sister about the new Stanhope. The fact that Stanhope used to be unable to drink any form of alcohol only crops up later on in the play, when he has a drunken conversation with Osborne. Upon Raleighs decision to write home and inform his family how he is coping with life on the front line, is where Sherriff brings in his next area of a tension filled play. It is impossible to predict what he will or would have written as it is not revealed until later on in the play, Sherriff leaves a number of avenues of thought open for his audience but gives no hint as which one to take. The only hint given as to which way to go, is when Sherriff takes the tension to another level, Raleigh enquires what he is to do about writing home, Stanhope informs him of what to do and then adds a new rule which was the fact that all letters were to be read by the companies commander in chief. Raleigh stutters and tells Stanhope that it no longer matters, he will not be writing home. Of course Raleighs refusal to write home, even though the letter was clutched in his fist, for everybody to see, sends Stanhope and Sherriffs audience down the road that he has written all the bad things he has seen in Stanhope since his arrival in the trench. That was the last straw for an already tipsy Stanhope, as he rises to his feet and screams at Raleigh to hand the letter over to him, even though Raleigh claimed there was nothing written in the letter about Stanhope. The letter is taken from Raleigh by Stanhope and given orders to leave the room, in the description given by Sherriff, the audience is left with no doubt that Raleigh is gravely disappointed with the man he once saw as his hero. When the letter is torn open by Stanhope, he breaks down and says he is unable to read the words that may have been spoken, so Osborne offers to read it to him. Both Stanhope and the tension are relieved when Osborne informs him, that there is nothing but his good side written about, how he is said to be the finest officer in the battalion, by far the hardest worker and how proud he is to be known as one of Stanhopes best friends. After the completion of the passage, the lowered heads can only point to one ting and that is pure and utter shame upon Stanhope and he begins to look at himself in a different light from that point onwards. The next feeling of real tension only involves Stanhope and the want away officer Hibbert. Hibbert claims to be suffering from an in diagnosable disease called Neuralgia. The play makes you think that Hibbert is making it up about him having contracted the disease, as he has spoken of his discontent of not being allowed sick leave. When Hibbert moans about his sickness to Stanhope, he dismisses it without thought and says it nothing. Hibbert thinks that he has a good chance of getting away from the war as one officer has been sent home with the same disease, but no matter how hard he pressed he was still told No. The subject of Hibbert and his disease is dropped and only returned to when the big attack is nearing its date. Stanhope and Hibbert are left alone and Hibbert re-opens the subject and begins to get into hysterics, and also begins to lose his temper with Stanhope. But the tension has yet to reach its peak and only does so when Stanhope shows him that he is willing to shoot him, but instead he gives him half a minute to decide whether to stay and fight, with his dignity in tact or desert and die and Hibbert becomes so angry ad frustrated that he lashes out at Stanhope and hits him across the face. Stanhope then threatens to have a Court Marshall put in place but does Hibbert a deal, he says if you stay and fight I will not bring in a Court Marshall, your half a second is up. What will it be? There is no need for the answer to be written in words for the play, the choice is made and Hibbert stays. The tension is only eased once Hibbert breaks down in Stanhopes arms. Although we have reached the highest level we reach in words of tension, Sherriff still manages to find more room in this play for, yet again more tension. This is of course, the raid of a German trench. Raleigh and Osborne lead the attack with ten other officers from their battalion. We come across a conversation between the Colonel and Stanhope, but the Colonel seems less than interested in the mens safety as he sees the raid as just a game. After the conversation is over, we have a real moment of huge pressure and of course the tension, this is the last few minutes before that big event in a persons life that they are really fired up and burning inside to do. Raleigh asks Osborne for the time and it is time to go. They stage directions say as they walk up and into the trenches, with the pale evening sun leaving just a silhouette of their bodies. There is no description of the raid, which is a very vital moment in the play, and is done to keep the audience on the edge of their seats and guessing as to what will happen next. Six men and Uncle died in the raid but this is only found out once the Colonel has remembered the regiments name and how many were in the raiding party. The tension ends instantly and with no hesitation the celebrations began. Celebrations fill the immediate aftermath, but without doubt the tension rises when Raleigh refuses to eat or drink any sort of substance. The reason for this is because Osborne has just died in the raid and he feels like nobody around him cares. Another factor in his decision is the fact that he is very inexperienced and young at heart, and nothing like this has ever happened before to him. Raleigh is order to leave by Stanhope, after and argument in which Stanhope without realising begins to shout at Raleigh for not enjoying himself, but Raleigh then begins to accuse Stanhope of not caring about the fact that one of his closest friends has just died, and he has not been happy with Raleigh being there from the very beginning, Stanhope struggles to find his breath and the order is blared at Raleigh with no hesitation, which cancels out the tension that was in the room. The big attack is upon the battalion and Hibbert once again is resenting the fact that he has to go up into the trench and fight. He has a very pale and unwell complexion at this point, but tries to remove the fact of the attack by drinking glasses of water. He is one of the last men to reach the trench front as the sound of shells get increasingly louder and closer, but during the talk between Stanhope and himself, he comes round to the idea and walks up the stairs into the trench for the last time with a petit smile upon his brightening face. The title Journeys end only leads to one conclusion, the end of lifes journey. The tension never really left the play, and we are always reminded of it through the fact that there is a war on during the whole play. There is only one set for the whole play and that is the dugout where all of the acts and scenes take place. The tension embedded itself into the play and never leaves the story, but it only bubbles to the surface every so often. It is an excellently written play, as Sherriff manages to stitch tension, pathos and also the odd bit of humour into the play without, it ever getting to complex to understand.

Using Compound Prepositions in Spanish Sample Sentences

Using Compound Prepositions in Spanish Sample Sentences As explained with our list of compound prepositions, it is common in Spanish for a phrase to function in much the same way as a simple preposition, showing the relationship between a noun (or a related type of word, such as a pronoun or an infinitive acting as a noun) and another part of a sentence. Here are some examples of these types of phrases in action; the prepositional phrases and their English translations (other translations are often possible) are in boldface:  ¿Matarà ­as a cambio de mucho dinero? Would you kill in exchange for a lot of money? El actor fallecià ³ a los 90 aà ±os a causa de una paro cardiaco. The actor died at 90 years of age because of a heart stoppage. Tenemos muchas cuestiones acerca de las tecnologà ­as nuevas. We have many questions about the new technologies. Los valores humanos y à ©ticos son sacrificados a fin de ganar votos. Human values and ethics are sacrificed in order to win votes. Esto no significa que antes de los noventas no existiera este formato de negocios. This doesnt mean that before the 90s this way of doing business didnt exist. A pesar de todo voy a dormirme con una inmensa sonrisa. Despite everything, Im going to fall asleep with a huge smile. Llega al mercado un teclado a prueba de agua. A waterproof keyboard arrives on the market. Un hombre de 50 aà ±os est a punto de ser desahuciado de su vivienda. A 50-year-old man is on the verge of being evicted from his dwelling. Cerca de mi casa aparecià ³ un buho. An owl showed up near my home. Arabia Saudita derribar aviones israelà ­pes con rumbo a Irn. Saudi Arabia will shoot down Israeli airplanes en route to Iran. Lesotho es el à ºnico paà ­s africano que est dentro de otro. Lesotho is the only African country that is inside of another. Infà ³rmate sobre la preparacià ³n en caso de desastres y emergencias. Get informed about preparation in case of disasters and emergencies. No pongas los pies encima de la mesa. Dont put your feet on top of the table. Hay muchas cosas que puedes hacer en vez de estudiar. There are many things you can do instead of studying. Creo que es la primera vez que alguien fuera de mi familia me ha dicho esto. I think it is the first time anyone outside of my family has told me this. El hotel est mal ubicado lejos de la playa en medio de nada. The hotel is poorly situated far from the beach in the middle of nothing.

Leadership & Communication in Health Care Service Organizations Essay

Leadership & Communication in Health Care Service Organizations - Essay Example Without communication, an organization will not be able to function well. Eventually, this will lead to underachievement of organizational goals considering that the success of an organization is highly influenced by the entire communication process involved. It is in line with this that this paper includes the discussion about leadership, motivation and communication in an organization. The proponent tries to apply the information in line with leadership functions and activities of managers and their influence on the successful performance particularly in health services organizations. Thus, some theories, concepts and terms related with leadership are included based on their association with a successful performance and goal attainment of the health care service organizations. Leadership There are many existing theories about leadership and these primarily include great man, trait, contingency, situational, behavioral, participative, management, and relationship (Cherry par. 1-8). All of these theories have important contribution in understanding the success of health care service organizations. ... Thus, they usually end up differentiating their services and product offerings. However, the implementation of this specific approach is not going to be easy. In fact, this highly involves specific leadership approach depending on the type of strategies at hand. Great man theories assume that leadership is innate and that every great leader is born not made and that they will rise above others if it is necessary, while trait theories state that leadership traits are innate among leaders (Cherry par. 1-2). These theories are believed to be very applicable in an organization before but today the fierce competition existing between health service organizations would require competent leaders based on experience and other relevant qualifications. Thus, it is in this reason that in order to have effective leadership activity, a certain health service organization must necessarily understand other modern leadership concepts. Today’s leadership activity requires basic understanding o f both external and internal business environment. Thus, the remaining leadership theories are making sense on how exactly organizations are performing when it comes to their ability to apply the leadership concept. Contingency theories of leadership state that leader’s response to leadership is affected by factors in the environment such as leadership style, followers and situational aspects (Cherry par. 3). Thus, there are some health service organizations today that try to give more emphasis on enhancing leadership style and character development of their staffs. Situational theories state that leaders choose the best course of action in situations that requires decision making (Cherry par.4).

Film Composition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Film Composition - Essay Example It also brings a feeling of warmth, inspiration from the inner and outer lives of the people. â€Å"Little Miss Sunshine† focuses on lives of a family called the Hoovers. They are on a road trip to outlying California where their little daughter, Olive plans to participate in a contest named â€Å"Little Miss Sunshine Contest†. They face with numerous hurdles that compel them to cooperate. Their union in such times is of essence in their success. The main aim of examining this film is to bring forth other insights besides the comedy. This is through inspection of the themes present in the movie. Generally, they are the two aspects that make this movie exceptional. Thematic concerns The film creates insights into the lives of the cast. There are compelling issues in their lives that are worth attention and concern. The themes of winning and losing come out as the major issues in the lives of the characters. Richard Hoover, the father to Olive and the most prominent in th is movie is fanatical to his plan to success. He labels the plan â€Å"Nine Steps to success†. He believes that it is going to guarantee success in any way provided strict adherence to it be maintained. Consequently, the notion that achievement of success at all cost lingers in his mind. He questions the desires of others to achieve success. This shows up by expression of judgment towards Frank after he attempted suicide. Richard has considerable information on what winners do and do not do. For instance, he believes that any feeling of self-doubt or fear is associated with a loser. He also acknowledges that giving up on oneself (as Frank had done) is detrimental and against the core principles of winners. He dismisses luck as a contributing factor towards being a winner. He sees it as a tool used by losers to justify their shortcomings. Richard stresses that one has to want to win and all will be okay. This is evidenced by the talk with his daughter where she expresses her d esire to win. He goes ahead to assure her daughter of victory in the dancing competition. According to (Dickmeyer, 22), it is not the mere impression of what success is but the energy put towards success. The other family members have differentiated views on winning. They particularly do not like the way Richard handles the talk with his seven-year-old daughter. They believe that Richard is more into beliefs than the hard reality. Beliefs relating to success cannot solely guarantee one to be a winner. (Dickmeyer, 18) They concede that success is not as simple as the way Richard views it. They believe that the infliction of those â€Å"mere winner beliefs† and attitude can result to severe frustration and downheartedness for their daughter if all is not well in the competition. Family efforts help Olive to deal with her failure to win the contest. Upon realization that life is full of unpredictable situations, she becomes equipped to deal with frustrations and failures. The fa mily contribution serves, largely, in helping the young girl to deal with the situation. By taking to the stage at the end of the show, family cohesion is on display. They ultimately show that they have triumphed even when the situation does not exactly mean the same. The component of losing at the initial stages and then winning in the long last arises from Dwayne. Dwayne is Richards’s son. Richard expresses pleasure with his son for his unshaken focus on gaining entry to a flight school and become a pilot. According to Richard, Dwayne fulfills some

Clean Edge Razor Splitting Hairs in Product Positioning Essay Example for Free

Clean Edge Razor Splitting Hairs in Product Positioning Essay Paramount’s newest non-disposable razor, Clean Edge, has brought a new hope for the company whose other products are either on the mature stage of product life cycle or on the declining stage. Clean Edge’s improved design provides superior performance and hence the top management is extremely excited. They need to come up with a marketing strategy including product positioning, brand name marketing budget allocation for the upcoming launch. Another area of concern is how to deal with the cannibalization effect on the other range of non-disposable razors sold by Paramount. It is very important to come up with a suitable strategy to make the product successful in the market. Through a proper economic analysis considering the razor market and the facts available, we have come up with a conclusion that Paramount should position Clean Edge in the Niche Segment. Statement of the Problems Paramount needs to come up with a marketing strategy to effectively position its new line of technologically advanced non-disposable razors. Over the last five year years the industry has seen major advancements in the male grooming industry with the entry of new formidable players turning on the heat for the existing market leaders. Some of the major highlights include * Male specific grooming products seem to have outpaced the growth in women’s beauty market and have become more mainstream * In the male grooming product category, the replacement cycle of razors and cartridges have shortened * Advertising expenditures in the category have been rising faster than retail market sales * The demand has had a cumulative effect on technology as newer advanced products have hit the market resulting in approximately 5% growth per year from 2007 to 2010 * Super-premium segment has experienced significant growth with numerous product innovations By 2009, Paramount had already established itself as a global consumer products giant having expertise in Health, Cleaning, Beauty and Grooming. This helped the company to quickly position itself as a trusted brand in the non-disposable razor market. Capitalising on its reputation it offered its products By 2009, the replacement cycle of non-disposable razor cartridges had shortened due to consumers trying out new products. The challenge with Paramount was that two of its mainstream products – Paramount Pro and Paramount Avail had not introduced any significant technology innovations since 2005. However, its competitors, especially Radiance is on the verge of launching Naiv razor which promises a better shaving experience.

A Proposal to Reverse Obesity Rates :: Obesity in America

Obesity is a rising problem in the United States. With obesity rates on the rise something must be done to prevent this massive issue. There are ways to help including educating at young ages, improving nutrition facts at restaurants, and providing more space for citizens to get physically active. Studies have linked obesity to many things from ear infections, to pollution, to air-conditioning, to socializing with obese people. The reason Americans are obese is because of the increasing luxury available to them. Obesity is a rising problem in the United States, and with all the privileges given to its citizens, the country has become increasingly lazy. With portion sizes rising and physical activity decreasing, it is easy to see how obesity rates have skyrocketed. Obesity is a huge problem that needs to be resolved because it affects all people, unlike most issues. People of every gender, every age, and every race are at risk of being obese. Obesity rates in America have nearly doubled within the last twenty years. Something must be done not only to prevent obesity rates continuous rising, but also to dramatically increase the percentage of obese people in America altogether. The best way to begin a revolution in health in America is to start with the youth. The United States has the largest percentile of overweight children in the world. Approximately one-quarter of all four to five year olds and one-third of ten to eleven year olds are considered overweight. The obese children will more than likely become overweight parents. A child with an obese parent is ten percent more likely to raise obese children and thus the cycle continues (McBride, 2010). The more years that go on the higher the obesity rate climbs because the children are eating more and more and becoming less and less active. Many would argue that children should not focus on their weight because children should lead a youth with little worries, yet obesity affects a child much more than people with that argument think. Being overweight can cause increased risks for several serious diseases and even can result in decreased mental health on account of low self-esteem and social discrimination. Children who are overweight also are at least twice as likely to have heart disease, diabetes, and orthopedic problems (Internicola, 2009). Sadly, children are being pressured into unhealthy lifestyles even more so than adults are.

BCOM 275 Article Rebuttal Essay

Smoking bans, specifically in public places, has been a topic of debate for several years now. This debate has been originated primarily from medical or health-related origins. Many have felt strongly against the ban of smoking in public places. Although, almost an equal amount of people support the smoking ban. This paper will acknowledge the pros to proceeding with the smoking ban to rebuttal the argument presented in the article titled, â€Å"The case against smoking bans† by Thomas A. Lambert and analyze the reliability, credibility, and validity of the data used to support his argument. According to Lambert (2012), â€Å"Government-imposed smoking bans are unwise†. â€Å"Risk based argument are insufficient because the slight risks associated with ETS cannot justify the substantial privacy intrusion occasioned by sweeping smoking bans† (p 34). The author’s support against the smoking ban is based on the fact that the statements regarding the need for the ban due to the increase of health care costs for the smoker and those effected by the second-hand smoke. Lambert supports his argument based on the findings of a comprehensive study in the New England Journal of Medicine in 1997. The study states, â€Å"†¦smoking probably has the effect of reducing overall healthcare costs because smokers die earlier than nonsmokers. The study’s authors concluded that in a population in which no one smoked, health care costs would be 7 percent higher among men and 4 percent higher among women than the costs in the current mixed population of smokers and nonsmokers† (Government-imposed smoking bans are unwise, 2012, p 36). Although, this data is credible based on its source, this information cannot wholly be deemed valid based on no stated facts to compare healthcare costs of the nonsmokers. â€Å"Logical fallacie s are errors in reasoning† (Cheesebro, T.,  O’Connor, L., & Rios, F., 2010). There are four types of common logical fallacies, which are: faulty causation, hasty generalization, either/or thinking, slippery slope and faulty comparison. The justification based on the other data is an example of a hasty generalization and faulty comparison. A hasty generalization occurs when â€Å"†¦a few examples are selected to represent the whole of the conclusion† (Cheesebro, T., O’Connor, L., & Rios, F., 2010). By committing to these generalizations, your conclusions may be incorrect because you are only acknowledging the data that will solely support your argument. The author’s argument is also a faulty comparison because he treats the unique situations the same. He strongly believes that there is no significant difference in the costs of health care in comparison to those who do not smoke. But the author fails to mention the health effects of second hand smoke and why it should be banned in public places In contrast, smoking bans in public places should be implemented because there are many studies that reveal that there is a real problem regarding exposure to second hand smoke. According to the CDC (2012), â€Å"Since 1964, 2.5 million nonsmokers have died from exposure to secondhand smoke†. That statement alone, which is evidence based, is a valid argument why smoking in public places should be banned. Non-smokers should not have to be victims caused by careless smokers who are more interested in feeding their addiction and pleasures. It is intrusion of someone’s privacy if they do not want to be exposed to secondhand smoke. Public places refers to as restaurants, parks, multiunit housing and casinos etc. For children, secondhand smoke exposure can contribute to respiratory and ear infections and higher risk of sudden infant death syndrome. For adults, it can cause lung cancer and cardiovascular diseases. With that being said, if we choose not to smoke due to the health effects and increased risk of death, why should we forced to go down with the smokers? We have a choice and it should be respected. If these health conditions can be caused by secondhand smoke alone, consider what effects smoking has on a smoker’s body. As mentioned earlier, those who do smoke die earlier. So how can the statement regarding no difference in health care costs between a smoker and non-smoker be valid? In conclusion, due to the evidence-based bad health effects of secondhand smoke, smoking in public places should be banned. There is no justification for someone who chooses to live a healthy lifestyle in order to live longer,  to have a smoker determine how long they should live or what quality of life they should have. References Cheesebro, T., O’Connor, L., & Rios, F. (2010). Communicating in the workplace. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Lambert, T. A. (2007). The case against smoking bans. Regulation, 29(4), 34-40. Retrieved on March 7, 2014 from, http://search.proquest.com/docview/210517192?accountid=458 Smoking and Tobacco. (2012). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved on March 6, 2014 from, http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/secondhand_smoke/healt h_effects/index.htm

Explain Erich Fromm’s twofold meaning of human freedom Essay

Erich Fromm is a German psychologist explored human freedom. He wrote about the two folds of human freedom, which are, the freedom â€Å"from† traditional authorities such as the state and (2) the freedom â€Å"for† actualizing one’s individual destiny. In his work about the Freedom in History, Fromm argues that the people came to understand the real meaning of freedom in the 20th century. They thus fight to defend it. This is because it brings a lot of joy to the people, therefore prompting them to devise ways of maintaining it. Through his work, he tries to explain the main cause leading to the fall of the previous social order. In addition, it has led to the rise of a new generation of independent beings who are fighting for direct high-quality future. This development makes them to have a feeling of not just fulfilling their socioeconomic role in the society, but also contemplating their future Secondly, Fromm tries to explain the way the people are Escaping freedom through his suggestions that people are successively attempting to lessen negative effects although expanded thoughts and behaviors provide them with security. He explains three forms of escaping freedom whereby he suggests that the dictatorial personality contains a sad and masochist element which gains control over the other people. Such control imposes order in the world. The ambiguity of human freedom is especially evident when making important life choices, for example, who we want to be and how we want to live our lives. Fromm holds that although people in advanced societies have been freed from the bonds of preindividualistic society, which gave them both security and limitations, they have not gained freedom in the positive sense of realizing their individual selves. That is, they have not found an outlet for the optimal expression of their intellectual, emotional, and social potential. We have freedom to direct our lives—from the details of daily life to the more crucial choices such as our careers. Karen Grover Duffy and Eastwood Atwater (2008). Psychology For Living: Adjustment, Growth, and Behavior Today (9 ed. ). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson/Prentice Hall.

Why Crocodiles Havent Changed Much in 200 Million Years

Why Crocodiles Haven't Changed Much in 200 Million Years Of all the reptiles alive today, crocodiles may be the least changed from their prehistoric forebears of the late Cretaceous period, over 65 million years ago- although the even earlier crocodiles of the Triassic and Jurassic periods sported some distinctly un-crocodile-like features, such as bipedal postures and vegetarian diets. Along with pterosaurs and dinosaurs, crocodiles were an offshoot of the archosaurs, the ruling lizards of the early to middle Triassic period; needless to say, the earliest dinosaurs and the earliest crocodiles resembled one another a lot more than either resembled the first pterosaurs, which also evolved from archosaurs. What distinguished the first crocodiles from the first dinosaurs was the shape and musculature of their jaws, which tended to be much more deadly, as well as their relatively splayed limbs- as opposed to the straight, locked in legs of theropod dinosaurs. It was only well into the Mesozoic Era that crocodiles evolved the three main traits with which theyre associated today: stubby legs, sleek, armored  bodies, and marine lifestyles. First Crocodiles of the Triassic Period Before the first true crocodiles emerged on the prehistoric scene, there were the phytosaurs (plant lizards): archosaurs that looked very much like crocodiles, except that their nostrils were positioned on the tops of their heads rather than the tips of their snouts. You might guess from their name that phytosaurs were vegetarians, but in fact, these reptiles subsisted on fish and marine organisms in freshwater lakes and rivers worldwide. Among the most noteworthy phytosaurs were Rutiodon and Mystriosuchus. Oddly enough, except for the characteristic  location of their nostrils, phytosaurs looked more like modern crocodiles than the first true crocodiles did. The earliest crocodiles were small, terrestrial, two-legged sprinters, and some of them were even vegetarians (presumably because their dinosaur cousins were better adapted to hunting for live prey). Erpetosuchus and Doswellia are two leading candidates for the honorific of first crocodile, though the exact evolutionary relationships of these early archosaurs are still uncertain. Another likely choice is the reclassified Xilousuchus, from early Triassic Asia, a sailed archosaur with some distinct crocodilian characteristics. Whatever the case, its important to understand just how confusing the facts on the ground were during the middle to late Triassic period. The portion of the supercontinent Pangea corresponding to modern-day South America was crawling with dinosaur-like crocodiles, crocodile-like dinosaurs, and (presumably) early pterosaurs that looked like both crocodiles and dinosaurs. It wasnt until the start of the Jurassic period  that dinosaurs began to evolve along a distinctive path from their crocodile cousins and slowly established their worldwide dominance. If you went back in time 220 million years ago and were swallowed whole, you probably couldnt tag your nemesis as a crocodile or a dinosaur. Crocodiles of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras By the start of the Jurassic period (about 200 million years ago), crocodiles had mostly abandoned their terrestrial lifestyles, probably as a response to the terrestrial dominance achieved by dinosaurs. This is when we begin to see the marine adaptations that characterize modern crocodiles and alligators: long bodies, splayed limbs, and narrow, flat, tooth-studded snouts with powerful jaws (a necessary innovation, since crocodiles feasted on dinosaurs and other animals that ventured too close to the water). There was still room for innovation, though. For example, paleontologists believe that Stomatosuchus subsisted on plankton and krill, like a modern gray whale. About 100 million years ago, toward the middle of the Cretaceous period, some South American crocodiles had begun to imitate their dinosaur cousins by evolving to enormous sizes. The king of the Cretaceous crocodiles was the enormous Sarcosuchus, dubbed SuperCroc by the media, which measured about 40 feet long from head to tail and weighed in the neighborhood of 10 tons. And lets not forget the slightly smaller Deinosuchus, the deino in its name connoting the same concept as the dino in dinosaurs: terrible or fearsome. These giant crocodiles probably subsisted on equally giant snakes and turtles- the South American ecosystem, on the whole, bearing an uncanny resemblance to Skull Island from the film, King Kong. One way in which prehistoric crocodiles were indeed more impressive than their terrestrial relatives was their ability, as a group, to survive the K-T extinction event that wiped the dinosaurs off the face of the earth 65 million years ago. Why this is so, remains a mystery, though it may be an important clue that no plus-sized crocodiles survived the meteor impact. Todays crocodiles are little changed from their prehistoric ancestors, a telling clue that these reptiles were, and remain, extremely well adapted to their environment.

Soviets Change the Calendar

Soviets Change the Calendar When the Soviets took over Russia during the October Revolution of 1917, their goal was to drastically change society. One way they attempted to do this was by changing the calendar. In 1929, they created the Soviet Eternal Calendar, which changed the structure of the week, month, and the year. Learn more about the history of the calendar and how the Soviets changed it. History of the Calendar For thousands of years, people have been working to create an accurate calendar. One of the first types of calendars was based on lunar months. However, while lunar months were easy to calculate because the moons phases were clearly visible to all, they have no correlation with the solar year. This posed a problem for both hunters and gatherers - and even more so for farmers - who needed an accurate way to predict seasons. Ancient Egyptians, although not necessarily known for their skills in mathematics, were the first to calculate a solar year. Perhaps they were the first because of their dependence on the natural rhythm of the Nile, whose rising and flooding was closely tied to seasons. As early as 4241 BCE, the Egyptians had created a calendar made up of 12 months of 30 days, plus five extra days at the end of the year. This 365-day calendar was amazingly accurate for a people who still did not know the Earth revolved around the sun. Of course, since the actual solar year is 365.2424 days long, this ancient Egyptian calendar was not perfect. Over time, seasons would gradually shift through all twelve months, making it through the entire year in 1,460 years. Caesar Makes Reforms In 46 BCE, Julius Caesar, aided by Alexandrian astronomer Sosigenes, revamped the calendar. In what is now known as the Julian calendar, Caesar created a yearly calendar of 365 days, divided into 12 months. Realizing that a solar year was closer to 365 1/4 days rather than just 365, Caesar added one extra day to the calendar every four years. Although the Julian calendar was much more accurate than the Egyptian calendar, it was longer than the actual solar year by 11 minutes and 14 seconds. That may not seem like much, but over several centuries, the miscalculation became noticeable. Catholic Change to the Calendar In 1582 CE, Pope Gregory XIII ordered a small reform to the Julian calendar. He established that every centennial year (such as 1800, 1900, etc.) would not be a leap year (like it otherwise would have been in the Julian calendar), except if the centennial year could be divided by 400. (This is why the year 2000 was a leap year.) Included in the new calendar was a one-time readjustment of the date. Pope Gregory XIII ordered that in 1582, October 4 would be followed by October 15 to fix the missing time created by the Julian calendar. However, since this new calendar reform was created by a Catholic pope, not every country jumped to make the change. While England and the American colonies finally switched over to what became known as the Gregorian calendar in 1752, Japan didnt accept it until 1873, Egypt until 1875, and China in 1912. Lenins Changes Although there had been discussion and petitions in Russia to switch to the new calendar, the tsar never approved its adoption.  After the Soviets successfully took over Russia in 1917, V.I. Lenin agreed that the Soviet Union should join the rest of the world in using the Gregorian calendar. In addition, to fix the date, the Soviets ordered that February 1, 1918 would actually become February 14, 1918. (This change of date still causes some confusion; for example, the Soviet takeover of Russia, known as the October Revolution, took place in November in the new calendar.) The Soviet Eternal Calendar This was not the last time the Soviets were to change their calendar. Analyzing every aspect of society, the Soviets looked closely at the calendar. Although each day is based on daylight and nighttime, each month could be correlated to the lunar cycle, and each year is based on the time the Earth takes to circumnavigate the sun, the idea of a week was a purely arbitrary amount of time. The seven-day week has a long history, which the Soviets identified with religion since the Bible states that God worked for six days and then took the seventh day to rest. In 1929, the Soviets created a new calendar, known as the Soviet Eternal Calendar. Although keeping the 365-day year, the Soviets created a five-day week, with every six weeks equaling a month. To account for the missing five days (or six in a leap year), there were five (or six) holidays placed throughout the year.   A Five-Day Week The five-day week consisted of four days of work and one day off. However, the day off was not the same for everyone. Intending to keep factories running continuously, workers would take staggered days off. Each individual was assigned a color (yellow, pink, red, purple, or green), which corresponded with which of the five days of the week they would take off. Unfortunately, this did not increase productivity. In part because it ruined family life since many family members would have different days off from work. Also, the machines could not handle constant use and would often break down. It Didnt Work In December 1931, the Soviets switched to a six-day week in which everyone received the same day off. Although this helped rid the country of the religious Sunday concept and allowed families to spend time together on their day off, it did not increase efficiency. In 1940, the Soviets restored the seven-day week.

Managing time as an adult learner Research Paper

Managing time as an adult learner - Research Paper Example Adult learners are nowhere placed as target audience/reader/listener. Research journals on time management are also found to target mainly the managers. In this paper I attempt to identify the area observable for research on time management among adult learning community. Understanding the adult learning methods in vogue becomes mandatory to evolve feasible time managing techniques for adult learners. Review of literature throws light on the basic qualities of adult learners. Time management knacks are not new to them. However, inability to adhere to the techniques of time management by adult learners is found to have been caused not merely by their situational factors but also by the training modalities. Further researches are extensively required especially by the psychologists and teaching community in this regard. Literature on time management and literature on adult learning focus their targets in two different but parallel trajectories. While academic journals on time managemen t are very less in number, literature on adult learning too is meagre. (Dorothy MacKeracher, 2004) The efforts being carried out by NIACE (National Institute of Adult Continuing Education) is note worthy. However, the institute focuses its attention purely on developing Adult Education on macro level to sustain the growth and overall development of Great Britain. Adult learners, unlike youngsters who have specific goals, always have specific and ready-to-fire goals that are tangible such as qualification for current job/up skilling for promotion/ career change .1. To locate the research-deserving area with regard to time management by adult learners, the following research questions are framed: a)While time management is a universally acceptable tool for success, is it specifically adaptable to adult learning community as a whole? b)What are the causes that restrain adult learning community from adhering to time managing techniques? Understanding the course of time management as wel l as that of adult learning becomes prerequisite. Time management nuances are contained in broad classification of focussing, planning, organising, acting and learning (Dodd and Sundheim, 2008). Adult learning, as formulated by androgogy specialists is classified in to the following steps namely planning, applying and understanding(Trivette C.M et al, 2009). 1)While time management is a universally acceptable tool for success, is it specifically adaptable to adult learning community as a whole? 1.1 Interactive training: Adult learning theorists have much focussed on the teaching community enabling them to give out fruitful training to adult learners. Most of the literatures on adult learning are in the type of a trainers training module. Review of those literatures reveals that nuances of time management for adult learners are embedded here and there. By selecting a training session designed interactively, which contains application opportunities, a learner can actively take part in the learning process. Through interactive application methods one can score more learning outcomes. In contrast, content oriented sessions that render didactic sermons consume quite a long time to bring to achieve learning objectives. (Foley, 2004, p.91) 1.2 Devising ones own learning objective: Having clear cut and tangible goals in hand they (the goals) can

Touman Model Argument about the Environment Term Paper - 1

Touman Model Argument about the Environment - Term Paper Example The environment is becoming worse with each passing day; there are several factors that are responsible towards the degradation of our environment. Some of the most factors that need to be worked upon are pollution, disposal of waste material in an unorganized way and in addition to this there are many more factors that need our immediate attention. This paper will throw light upon the Toulmin model argument and in addition to this what specific actions should Christians take regarding the environment will also be will also be provided in this paper. The ozone layer is depleting with each passing day and this is a very disturbing environmental issue, this means that human race will shortly come to an end should it not be dealt with properly. The ozone layer is pivotal when it comes to the survival of human beings, it protects us from harmful radiations emitted by the sun and its deterioration is a very big cause of worry for the human race. An Insight on Toulmin Model of Argument Stephen Toulmin was a British Philosopher and in addition to this, he was also a realist who developed a model of argument which will be incorporated in this paper. He divided any argument into six most important sections.

Why should we study rhetoric Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why should we study rhetoric - Essay Example There are three kinds of rhetoric - deliberative oratory, forensic oratory, and epideictic oratory - each type, or the combination of two or all types, provide individuals with a means to effectively persuade based on the type of situation a speech must deal with. Deliberative oratory, for example, proves to be an effective tool when persuading an audience to take action in the future. This category is used today in avenues of legislation such as the U.S. Senate, where lobbyists convince legislators to take action in either abolishing or creating a law. Forensic oratory, on the other hand, dealing with events that happened in the past, is an effective tool to prove or disprove events or acts that supposedly took place. Lawyers in court proceedings use this today. Lastly, Epideictic oratory, which aims to convince an audience about the pros and cons of a belief or ideology is an effective tool commonly used in most public speeches today. Rhetoric is also an efficient means to communicate. By looking into the parts of a rhetorical speech, one can observe the efficient manner that the speech is organized. A rhetorical speech has three major subdivisions - the introduction, them idle, and the conclusion.

Examining The Processes Of Data Backup Information Technology Essay

Examining The Processes Of Data Backup Information Technology Essay There are many problems that happen to the computers which will cause damage for it. For example, it cause lose the data and necessary information and this problems may effect to the organization whether losing the data or information and this things will cause stop working and then losing the money. Therefore, to protect your data from the hackers or nature disaster you should take a backup. The backup is making copying a collection of data, the object, from primary to secondary storage for the purpose of recovery in the event of failure. In my project discussed some point which may prevent data from losing or at least reduce the risk which may happen. For example, I indicated to the definition of the backup this will help the users to understand the meaning of the backup. Also, I talk about some reasons about needs of doing backup and some features of backup. Moreover, I mention to the importance of backup software and why we need backup software. In addition I mentioned importance of backup data and why we need backup data. Finally, I talk about backup Documentation. What is the backup? Backup is the process of copying a collection of data, the object, from primary to secondary storage for the purpose of recovery in the event of failure. Its continuation is Recovery, the process invoke on failure or other requirement to return the contents of the collection to primary storage space. To be useful for recovery, the source data images needs to be in a consistent condition throughout the backup. The copy be supposed to provide a non-volatile point of retrieval. In addition a data object may have many copies or recovery points. Failure cause may be logical, physical, accidental or intentional resultant in loss or inaccessibility of the original data. The primary storage is characteristically disk. The secondary storage is characteristically magnetic tape, often called removable media because it is easy to transport to an exchange location. Today, disks/tape combinations and remote disks may serve as secondary storage in addition to other media forms. An exchange location or site is required in the event of primary site destruction or that the site becomes unavailable. In most cases, the legal or guaranty test of backup authority requires a combination of the ability to recover from the media and physical storage of the media at a specified least amount distance from the primary site. In information technology, a backup or the process of backing up refers to making copies of data so that these additional copies may be used to restore the original after a data loss event. The verb is back up in two words, whereas the noun is backup (often used like an adjective in composite nouns). Backups are useful primarily for two purposes. The first is to restore a state following a disaster (called disaster recovery). The second is to restore small numbers of files after they have been accidentally deleted or corrupted. Data loss is also very common. 68% of internet users have suffered from serious data loss. Why using backup? The Backup usefulness in Windows ® XP Professional helps you protect your files and information if your computer fails. For example, you can use Backup to copy the data on your hard drive it on another a disk, hard drive, a DVD, a CD, or another computer. If your hard drive is erased or damaged, you can easily restore the data from the archived copy. Using Backup when Corruption Will data. It is definitely critical that users understand that corruption happens, hard drives will fail, motherboards will short out, and mistakes will erase data. Good conservancy and technical skills may increase the time between errors. Also, using backup to protect your files you can create a backup by using Vistas Backup Status and Configuration tool. A backup set is a set of copies of the files that is stored in a different location from the original files. That location can be a different partition on your computers internal hard disk, an external hard disk, a remote share on a different computer, and even writable media such as CD-R and DVD-R. Type of Backup Full Backup The first backup in a series is full backup (the incremental and the differential backups must start with a full backup). A full backup allows you to backup the all hard drive: folders, applications, and files (or just a select part of your hard drive). A full backup reset the archive bits. Everybody who values data stored on a computer should do a full backup weekly. Incremental Backup This incremental Used to backup only files that have changed as the last backup, whether it was a full backup or an incremental backup. The archive small piece is reset with an incremental backup. Incremental backups are fast and need less data storage space. Restoring data takes longer since you must restore the last full backup and each incremental backup perform since the last full backup. Incremental backups are ideal for those who need frequent backups up till now have minimal backup storage space. Differential Backup Differential backup used to backup only files that changed since the last full backup, but a differential backup does not reset the archive. Differential backups get longer and require more storage space, but restore time is faster because you only need to restore the last full backup and the most recent differential backup. Differential backups are good-looking for those with more storage space and small endurance for lengthy restores. Why Data Backup Software? In the Information age, we cant go a day without needing to use a computer. As a result, a lot of important information is store on our machinery. Computers are target to failure as much as any other type of electronics. And when they do, the results can be catastrophic. Whether youre a small business or a personality, prop up your files is an important exercise. The smallest thing could fetch everything wreck to the earth, so you have to be ready in case something happens. If your system stays secure, you can take breathe a sigh of aid knowing you would be ready in the event of a crash. The data each person stores on their computer is different, so you need to choose the data backup software that meets your specific needs. This practicability can be a difficult and confusing. We are here to help make your attempt a little easier. What to Look for in Data Backup Software You need backup software that is dependable and simple on the way to use or you wont use it. Underneath is the criterion TopTenREVIEWS used to appraise data backup software: Feature Set Backup software features should go further than standard copying of data files; backup software should be lithe sufficient to meet your needs. First-rate data backup software allows you to schedule both full and tradition backups; backup merely what you want and when you want. 1-Ease of Use A computer beginner is supposed to be able to install and use the backup software without help. The control panel should be intuitive, convenient and should offer easy backup scheduling for automatic backups. Some backup programs are designed for advanced computer users, not novices; we remark on this in the backup software reviews. Data Backup Software Buying Review of 2-Backup and Restore Your backup should be simple to set up and easy to restore. Access restore data should be automatic, and the backup should preserve original data files and path. Restore backup files that dont preserve original file organization are almost valueless; youll have to reorganize all your restored data to access it expediently. Consider self-checking backup software that compares the backup to the original to verify correctness (backup confirmation). Look for backup software with a variety of backup choices: full, incremental, differential and individual file backups. A complete system backup (Image Backup) is also a precious asset, as is the ability to create a walking boot disk. Also, consider backup software that can compress data for compact storage. If security is a cause, choose backup software that protect with passwords and encryption. 3-Help Documentation Backing up and restore your data can be complex. Help files should offer plain, step-by-step instructions and troubleshooting tips. The language should be simple to understand and the help information should be well organized so you can find answers fast. Whether its corrupted data, viruses, or your computer just calls it quits, with the right data backup software, you have got it covered. Advanced Features Backup Password protection Backup software can use to add a password to your backup so you can delimit access. Backup Password Encryption Backup software encrypts your password so it cant be cut or accessed by power. Data Compression Backup software can use to compress the backup file so you can store more data in the same location. File Filtering Backup software will can use to include and keep out certain files or file types from your backup. Backup Verification After the software performs a data backup, it compares and verifies the backup to the original as a self error check. Drive Spanning Backup software can using to use multiple CD/DVD drives or hard drives for unattended backups. Event Logs Reports Catalog Backups Backup software runs an error-check to reveal if the backup and restore were successful. If there were errors during backup, the software stores them for easy reference (useful for troubleshooting and for avoiding similar hang-ups in the future). Burning Software Included Backup software includes the burning software necessary to create backups to blank CDs or DVDs. CD/DVD Erase Capability Backup software has a feature that allows you to erase rewritable CDs and DVDs. Create Bootable Backup Backup software can make your backup bootable. Usually this tool is available in backup software that creates drive images and disaster recovery disks (a backup of the system in case of a crash). Backup Capabilities Individual File Backup The software backs up just the individual files you select. Files-in-use Backup The software can backup files that are in use. This characteristic is useful to any person who requires several backups every day. Individual Folder Backup The backup software backs up not just the data, but files the locations and all the folders. Without this stooge, reorganize data after restoring would be not easy. Complete System Backup (picture Backup) (Also called Image Backup, Backup Image, Hard Drive Image and Drive Image) Backs up the all hard drive, including the operating system, registry, drivers, and data files-in short and software applications, your entire computer system. One-Click Drive Backup A convenient tool that makes a full system backup with one push button click. Address Book Backup Can using to backup all the names and email addresses stored in your email address books. Registry Backup Backup software can using to backup all your registry setting and files only, without backing up the rest of your computer system. Favorites Backup Backup software allows you to backup all your Internet favorites, including favorite website addresses and look for engine keywords. Backup Scheduling Backup software can using to create a backup table-perfect for busy people who dont have time to backup on a regular basis. Typically, data backup software can use to schedule backups at various intervals, including: during the boot up or shut down, hourly, every day, every week, every month or even yearly. Backup software Backup software is a computer program used to perform a full backup of the file, data, and the database system or server. Backup software enables the user to make an exact copy of everything in the original source. We must also use this program for the implementation of the process of restoring data or system in the event of a disaster. Why do I Need Backup Software? Why not just copy the files of interest to a blank CD and store it in a safe place? There is a good chance irritation factor to do so again and again and will lead to the neglect of the user to do this often as it should. The backup program makes a good base the whole process a little less annoying than it would be otherwise. How? List of features you can expect to find in any decent backup software Data compression. Any backup software worth its salt be able to compress your data does not take up too much space on the storage media the final. The savings can be significant. Some packages even allow you to change the values of pressure. In general, high rates of compression means the backup will take more time to implement that, if it is possible to change the compression settings, you can decide for yourself what time your favorite compression trade-off. Encryption. It should be the backup program allows you to encrypt your data. Some can be personal or commercially sensitive. Whether youre a backup to an external storage device, or elsewhere on the network, when you create a copy of your data you increase the chances of it falling into the wrong hands. Encryption is necessary to make it safe. Should be able to implement additional backup operations, and this means that actually only supported files that have changed up. Without this feature and you have to sort the files manually from the old and new, or just copy everything Every time you did a backup, and of course eating a great deal of time as it has done so.    Scheduling. Almost all backup programs will allow you to set timetables in advance. In this way, the backup can be done automatically at the time that suits you.    Dealing with open files. If you are working with important data on the computer constantly and we want to be backed up data as it is vital to change.    Control the use and CPU. You can copy the backup of the data in some cases, the processor-intensive; interfere with other tasks that you want to execute on your computer. Some backup programs allow you to throttle that will make demands on the resources of the CPU, allowing you to get your work is performed while the backup process unobtrusively in the background. Backup data Backup Data is information that is not presently in use by an organization and is routinely stored separately on portable media, to free up space and permit data recovery in the event of a disaster. To see the backup data, you have to reload it onto a computer from whatever storage media it is on. Why Do I Need to Backup My Data? The importance of data backup well, after five years of providing technical support for a variety of packages and accounting, one thing Ive found that is sure to bring tears to call the support person is the question: How was the last backup of the data good? Backup and data corruption occurs    It is important that users understand that corruption happens, hard drives will fail, motherboards and short out, and errors will erase the data. Have good maintenance and technical skills to increase the time between errors, but in the end, Murphy always wins, you will need to backup your data. Backup solutions for data available    What is important to emphasize that the presence of Data Backup normal does not need to be painful or expensive. Modern technology has brought the hard drive is very large, Zip and Jazz, DVD and CD burning, data backup tape systems within the reach of even a modest budget. Although the question of which of these items are suitable to your needs and data backup budget will depend on your circumstances, but the general need for data backup is not. The real cost of the lack of backup data    Almost as important as admitting that can happen to you, is to recognize the cost of data loss. Most people do not realize how much they have invested in the data on your hard drive. Forget the obvious stuff such as financial statements (receivables, payables, and tax information), which we know would be disastrous to lose. I think instead of hours of work re-install the program on the computer base and the restructuring of your environment to suit your preferences again. Backup documentation In computers, software and product development, documentation and information that describes the product to its users. It consists of evidence of technical products and information over the Internet (including electronic versions of technical manuals and descriptions of the annex to help). The term is sometimes used to denote the source of information about the product contained in design documents and detailed comments on the code, white papers, and notes the session of the board. The term is derived from the idea that engineers and programmers document their products in formal writing. The nearest computer users in some cases, simply handed engineers or programmers documents. The public as output grew, it became necessary to add the professional writers and editors of this process. Today, IBM and other companies to consider the development of information product based on what users need to do when you actually use the product. In this view of task-oriented, information can be divided into the product and sometimes physically organized in these categories task: assessing and planning for the establishment or installation, and air conditioning and management, using, and maintaining the product. Now documents are often built directly into the product as part of the user interface and help pages. Type of documents Stages of drawing out the above approaches and usually produces different types of documents dealing with different tasks and the possibly different target groups. These types of documents, in the case of CLWG, the following: Formal guidelines (specifications) for the area concerned (from the inventory and first proposals phase). Operational guidelines for the practical application of the specifications (from the inventory and first proposals phase). Consensus reports: surveys, descriptions of best practice and first proposals (from the survey phase). Reports on validation exercises (from the validation phase). Conclusion As discussed previously in this project, data can be lost in innumerable ways. In order to stave off such loss, its important to have a good backup strategy. Simple Backup Suite (backups) can be part of such an effort. Also, I discussed backup software, Backup software is a computer program used to perform a full backup of the file, data, and the database system or server. And I discussed backup data, Backup Data is information that not presently in use by an organization and is routinely stored separately on portable media, to free up space and permit data recovery in the event of a disaster. In finally I discussed backup damnation, in computers, software and product development, documentation and information that describes the product to its users. It consists of evidence of technical products and information over the Internet (including electronic versions of technical manuals and descriptions of the annex to help). I should every person using computer use backup for stored your d ata or information so as not loss your data or information.

Globalization and Human Trafficking Essay -- Human Trafficking

Trafficking in human beings is now the fastest-growing business of organized crime. Men, women and children are trafficked within their own countries and across international borders. More than one person is smuggled across a border every minute which is the equivalent to ten jumbo jets every single day. And the trade earns twice as much as the Coca Cola brand. (STOP THE TRAFFIK 2014) According to estimates, more than 700,000 people are trafficked every year for the purposes of sexual exploitation and forced labour. They are transported across borders and sold into modern-day slavery. Over the past decade, trafficking in human beings has reached epidemic proportions. No country is immune. Clawson (2009) discusses how the search for work abroad has been fueled by economic disparity, high unemployment and disruption of traditional livelihoods. It recognizes neither boundaries nor borders. Consequently profits from trafficking feed into the casket of organized crime. Trafficking is fueled by other criminal activities such as document fraud, money laundering and migrant smuggling. Because trafficking cases are expansive in reach, they are among the most important matters. (Clawson 2009) Human Trafficking Trafficking in Persons Report (2007) discusses many different tiers in relation to a counties response to human trafficking. Tier one consists of countries whose government fully comply with the Trafficking Victims Protection Act’s minimum standards, for example Australia, Uk, Germany and Norway. In tier two the countries whose government do not fully comply with TVPA’s minimum standards but making efforts to bring themselves up such as Japan, Romania, Peru and Rwanda. And finally tier three are governments that do not full... ...itner, H., Peck, J. and Sheppard, E.S. (2007) Contesting Neoliberalism Urban Frontiers, New York: Guilford press. Maiska, R., eds. (2007) Gender trafficking and slavery,UK: Oxfam Publishers Mensah, J. (2008) Neoliberalism and Globalization in Africa, UK: Palgrave Macmillan Ruggiero, V. (2000) Crime and Markets: Essays in Anti-Criminology, UK: Oxford University Press. Salt, J. and Stein, J. (1997) ‘Migration as a Business’, The case of Trafficking, 35 (4) 467-494. Shelley, L. (2010) Human Trafficking a Global Perspective, London: Cambridge Printing Press. STOP THE TRAFFIK (2014) What is Human Trafficking? Web 17 May 2015. http://www.stopthetraffik.org/usa U.S. Department of State Publication (2007) Trafficking in Persons Report,11407, United States of America: Office of Under Secretary for Democracy and Global Affairs and bureau of public affairs.